A 13F is a report that large institutional investment managers in the United States must file with the Securities and Exchange Commission every three months, listing the US-listed shares they held at the end of the quarter. It is the reason anyone outside Berkshire Hathaway knows what Warren Buffett owns, and the source behind every "here's what the great investors are buying" article you have ever read.

CAGR stands for compound annual growth rate. It is the single yearly rate that would take a starting value to an ending value over a given period, as if the growth had been perfectly steady the whole way. Nothing ever grows that smoothly — which is exactly the point. CAGR strips out the year-to-year noise so two different investments, over two different time spans, can be compared on the same basis.

ROIC stands for return on invested capital. It measures how much profit a company earns for every dollar of capital put into the business — money from shareholders and lenders alike. It answers a question that revenue and profit figures never quite reach: is this a good business, or just a big one?

Some companies don't just pay dividends — they raise them. Every single year. For decades.

Those companies have a name: Dividend Aristocrats.

If you're building an income portfolio or looking for businesses with a proven track record of rewarding shareholders, understanding what a Dividend Aristocrat is — and what it actually signals about a business — is essential.

If you're looking for stocks that pay you to hold them, dividend yield is one of the first numbers you need to understand.

It sounds technical. It isn't. And once you know how it works — and what it actually tells you — you'll be a much sharper investor.

Let's break it down.

When it comes to evaluating stocks, most investors are familiar with traditional metrics like the P/E ratio or even the PEG ratio. But if you’re looking for a more complete picture—especially for dividend-paying growth stocks—the PEGY ratiomight be exactly what you need.